Hyperthyroidism

Hyperthyroidism is a state where your thyroid gland makes too much of thyroid hormone. Or in the other words, this condition is called "overeactive hormone. Thyroid gland is located in the front of the neck just below the voice box. It was an important organ of the endocrine system as it produces the hormone thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which control the way every cell in the body uses energy. this process is called metabolism which how your body turns food in energy. At the same time, it also affects the heart, muscles, bones. and cholesterol.

CAUSES
The most causes of hyperthyroidim is Grave's disease. In Grave's disease, the body's natural defense (immune system) attacks the thyroid gland. So, to fight back, the thyroid will make too much of thyroid hormone.
But there are also other diseases and conditions that can cause this problem including getting too much of iodine, inflammation (thyroiditis) of the thyroid due to viral infections or other causes, noncancerous growths of the thyroid gland or pituitary gland, some tumors of the testes or ovaries or when taking large amount of thyroid hormone.

RISK & SYMPTOMS
Having too much of hyroid hormone can make a lot of things in the body to speed up. A person may lose weight quickly, have a fast heartbeat, sweat a lot or feel nervous and moody.

The other symptoms:

• Difficulty concentrating
• Fatigue
• Frequent bowel movements
• Goiter (visibly enlarged thyroid gland) or thyroid nodules
• Heat intolerance
• Increased appetite
• Increased sweating
• Irregular menstrual periods in women
• Nervousness
• Restlessness
• Weight loss (rarely, weight gain)

Other symptoms that can occur with this disease:

• Breast development in men
• Clammy skin
• Diarrhea
• Hair loss
• Hand tremor
• High blood pressure
• Itching - overall
• Lack of menstrual periods in women
• Nausea and vomiting
• Pounding, rapid, or irregular pulse
• Protruding eyes (exophthalmos)
• Rapid, forceful, or irregular heartbeat (palpitations)
• Skin blushing or flushing
• Sleeping difficulty
• Weakness

Hyperthyroidism is easily treated. With the treatment, a person can have a healthy life. But, without the treatment, hyperthyroidism can lead to serious heart problems, bone problems and a dangerous condition called thyroid storm

EXAMS & TESTS

The doctor will ask about the symptoms and do a physical examination. physical examination may reveal high systolic pressure, hyperactive reflexes, increased heart rate, thyroid enlargement and tremor.

Besides that, a blood test is done to see how much thyroid hormone the body is making. The blood tests will measyre the levels of thyroid hormones that are TSH(thyroid stimulating hormone) which usually will be low in this condition, and T3&T4 (suppose to be high for hyperthyroidism)

This disease will effect the result of the cholesterol test, glucose test and radioactive iodine uptake.

TREATMENT

Treatment depends on the cause and the severity of symptoms. Radioactive iodine and antithyroid medicine are the treatments doctor use most often. The best treatment will be depend on a number of things, including age. Some people need more than one kind of treatment. 

Radioactive iodine is the most common treatment. Most people are cured after taking one dose. It will destroy part of the thyroid gland, but it is not harm any parts of the body. 

Antithyroid medicine works best if the symptoms are mild. These pills do not damage the thyroid gland. But, they do not always work, and it have to be taken at the same time every day. If they stop working, need to try radioactive iodine

If the thyroid must be removed with surgery or destroyed with radiation, thyroid hormone replacement pills must be taken for the rest of the life.


REFERENCES:

1.  Nnlm.nih.gov (2002) Hyperthyroidism: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. [online] Available at:    http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000356.htm [Accessed: 29 Jan 2013].
2.  Nlm.nih.gov (2002) Hyperthyroidism: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. [online] Available at: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000356.htm [Accessed: 29 Jan 2013].

Potassium Chloride to treat hypokalemia

Potassium chloride is a mineral that necessary for proper muscle and cardiac function as well as maintaining the proper fluid balance and pH of the body’s cell. Potassium chloride is one of the medications that have been used to prevent or treat hypokalemia. Hypokalemia happen when a person have abnormally low level of potassium in the circulating blood leading to weakness and heart abnormalities, associated with adrenal tumors, starvation or taking diuretics.

The phenomena of low level of potassium can happen as a result of a disease or from taking certain medicines or after a prolonged illness with diarrhea or vomiting. But, because the regular potassium by itself (not in potassium chloride form) is highly reactive, so a person who has a shortage of calcium will be given potassium chloride instead of potassium itself only. High reactivity of potassium may explode when it comes contact with water. So, they must take in some kind of mixture which chemically bonded to another substances but at the same time have possibility for the body to safely break it down.

Potassium chloride can be given orally if the patient has not too serious situations. But, in the serious situations of potassium shortage, intravenous injection (IV) is more preferred. Even the potassium chloride can be given by injection, but it cannot be administered via IV push/bolus that is via intramuscular injection (IM) or subcutaneous injection (s.q.). This is because by using those routes, it may result to the patients for having or receiving too much potassium too quickly. So, it must be diluted and infused over certain period of time.

 There are a lot of effects when the patient has received too much potassium chloride. One is that the patient can go into cardiac arrest and die. In fact, the death by lethal injection is causes when the patient having a super-high dose potassium chloride, it may stops the heart beating. Besides that serious side effects of potassium include uneven heartbeat, muscle weakness or limp feeling, severe stomach pain and numbness or tingling in hands, feet or mouth. That is why potassium chloride cannot be given via intramuscular injection (IM).

To avoid potassium intoxication, do not infuse these solutions rapidly. It must be diluted first before it was given to the patients. The administration of intravenous solutions can cause fluid and/or solute overload resulting in dilution of serum electrolyte concentrations, overhydration, congested states or pulmonary edema. In patients with renal insufficiency, administration of potassium chloride may cause potassium intoxication and life-threatening hyperkalemia.

References :

1.      Cwladis.com (n.d.) Untitled Document. [online] Available at: http://www.cwladis.com/math104/potassiumchloride.htm [Accessed: 16 Sep 2012].

2.      Drugs.com (1996) Potassium Chloride Information from Drugs.com. [online] Available at: http://www.drugs.com/potassium_chloride.html [Accessed: 16 Sep 2012].

3.      Globalrph.com (2011) Potassium chloride (KCL) -  Intravenous (IV) Dilution. [online] Available at: http://www.globalrph.com/potassium_chloride_dilution.htm [Accessed: 17 Sep 2012].

masa pengambilan ubat

sharing is loving.. yeay..

arini bebel pasal ubat.. banyak info boleh dapat pasal peraturan makan ubat ni. yang paling penting pasal "waktu" atau dalam omputihnya "time".. heeee

waktu pengambilan ubat sangatlah penting untuk dipatuhi terutamanya kalau ambik antibiotik. tolong jangan skip2 yer untuk elak ubat tu dah tak bagi fungsi.. :)

lain ubat, lain peraturan pemakannya. ada yang kena ambik sekali sehari, 2 kali sehari, 3 kali sehari ataupun 4 kali sehari. kenapa berbeza? sebab kekuatan ubat berbeza dan juga kerana fungsi ubat tu yang berbeza. ada sesetengah ubat yang kehadirannya diperlukan setiap masa dalam tubuh badan. jadi, adakalanya terpaksa diambil 4 kali sehari agar dose ubat dalam badan kekal maintain.. :)

all of these depends fully on pharmacokinetic of the drug. 

dan bagi antibiotik masa makan ubat tersangatlah perlu untuk mengelakkan bakteria2 tu aktif kembali.. :)

dan, oh.. bagi yang berpuasa masa pemakanan ubat bleh di 'adjust' sedikit. tapi tetap kena ikut juga kekerapan yang disarankan oleh doktor. tak ada istilah kalau 3 kali sehari tapi saya makan 2 kali je, sahur dengan berbuka jadi makan ubat pun 2 kali je la.. no.. no.. no..

#walaupun saya tak suka makan ubat, tapi saya tetap kena sarankan.. sila2 lah rajin2 makan ubat yer.. haha.. #

*gambar telah di 'copy' n 'paste'.. credit to the owner of the photo*

karya kami

hmm.. saja nak story..

sem 3, semester yang memenatkan.. :'(

eh, apa ni?? errr... sebenarnya nak beritahu, untuk semester 3 ni kami kena ambik subjek Antimicrobial Therapy as one as our core subjek.. subjek apa ni?? belajar pasal benda yang jadi 'anti' untuk makluk-makhluk microorganism ni.. antibiotic.. antiviral.. antihalminth, anti fungal n yang sewaktu denganyya..

tapi yang tu tolak tepi, yang tolak tengahnya dan yang yang di story kan adalah pasal kerja kursus kami.. hehe.. setiap kumpulan diberikan satu tajuk daripada supervisor masing-masing n setiap kumpulan kena siapkan 1 article+ 1 video based on every group's topic... =)

article-article kami akan d publishkan..

wahhh... macam gempak je.. :p

sebab apa kami kena buat ni semua.. ini lah alasan dr.amin kesayangan kami ni.. (our course coordinator for this subject)

article: supaya kami ada karya sendiri yang di publishkan diperingkat antarabangsa

video: untuk memberi pendidikan pada semua.. sebab tu kami kena buat video sepenuhnya dalam bahasa melayu.. jenuh nak kena translate semua term-term medical dalam bahasa..guna google translate keluar bahasa pelik-pelik.. haha.. tapi insyaALLAH semua pengorbanan berbaloi.. =)

kat sini saya kongsikan article-article dan juga video hasil karya n kreativiti my dear coursemates.. =)

TITLE : The Action of Tetracycline on Acne

TITLE : Salmonellosis: The Diseases, Treatment, Prevention and Drug Resistance

TITLE : The Overview of Meningitis and its Treatment

TITLE : Tuberculosis Among Diabetic Patient

TITLE : Leptospirosis

TITLE : Emergence of Vancomycin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (VRSA)

TITLE : A Case Study: Leptospirosis In Malaysia

Title : Infectious Diarrhoea

TITLE : Transparent Plastic Envelope for Dispensing Antibiotics - The Best Option in the Market?

TITLE : An Illustrated Review on Penicillin And Cephalosporin : An Instant Study Guide For Pharmacy Students

TITLE : An Illustrated Review About Aminoglycosides

TITLE : Management of Side Effects and Drug Interactions of Anti-mycobacterial in Tuberculosis

TITLE : Choices of Antibiotics for MRSA Infection in Malaysia

alhamdulillah akhirnya semua dapat disiapkan dalam waktu yang ditetapkan.. on date.. hehe.. tapi ada lagi article n video yang saya tak dapat cari link.. dan ada juga video yang tidak di publishkan untuk tontonan umum di atas sebab-sebab tertentu.. memang nak siapkan ni memerlukan darjah kesabaran yang tinggi la.. for my group, memang berterima kasig gila kat Kwek Cheng Hau yang banyak berkorban untuk siapkan semua ni.. huhuh.. sampaikan dia pernah post dalam fb, betapa untuk 7.5 markah dia tak ada life dah.. huhuh.. so sorry ye Kwek, but want u to know, we always support u.. =)

for my group, betapa dugaan bila selepas publish video di youtube, tiba-tiba Kwek dapat email warning about the plagiarism on the song that we put on it.. lagi lah kelam-kabut kan.. buatnya video tu di delete sebelum dinilai tak ke haru.. :( tapi alhamdulillah everything is fine.. it is just a warning n they do not take any action towards us.. =)

dah la tiba-tiba usm wifi blocked sebarang access ke laman web youtube tambahlah derita.. nak upload video kena pergi marrybrown pulak.. haisyhh..

untung la sapa rumah dekat kan boleh balik upload kat rumah.. eh, tetibe lak..

hehehe..

tapi apa-apa pun when everything 'DONE' memang lega tak terkira.. boleh dah peningkan diri pasal final..

for all my cursemates.. congratez for all of ur amazing effort.. =)

KATA 1: masih dalam usaha mencari article n video group-group lain.. biasa la bila dah jadi penganggur ni, semua benda boleh jadi kerja.. :p